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The Hidden Disparities in Neurophysiological Research: Exploration of Race and Sex
DescriptionNeurophysiological measures play a crucial role in medical and research settings, providing valuable insights into brain function, disease progression, and cognitive states. Examples of such tools include electroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD). Given their importance in understanding brain function and disease, equitable use of these technologies is essential. Unfortunately, systemic biases related to physical characteristics such as hair type, skin pigmentation, and skeletal structure often limit their effectiveness across diverse populations. This paper reviews the barriers that impede the accurate and inclusive application of EEG, fNIRS, and TCD. It also explores innovations aimed at addressing these disparities, including SEVO electrodes, adapted fNIRS headsets, and community-informed research practices. Despite recent advances, achieving true equity will require further technological innovation, methodological reforms, and deeper partnerships with underrepresented communities. Ongoing research efforts, especially those grounded in active collaboration, are critical to ensuring that neurophysiological tools are accessible, accurate, and representative for all populations.