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Evaluation of Workforce Safety and Training in Industry 4.0: A Review on Incorporating Immersive Technology and Wearable
DescriptionThe emergence of Industry 4.0—marked by the integration of human-cyber-physical systems in manufacturing—is reshaping human roles, enhancing productivity, and minimizing operational errors. Despite these advancements, new safety challenges arise as workers increasingly interact with automated systems in shared environments. These complex human-machine interactions demand advanced skillsets that traditional training methods often fail to address adequately. While apprenticeships and conventional programs deliver foundational skills and safety practices, they are insufficient for preparing workers to operate within digitally integrated systems. This study reviews current workforce training approaches and evaluates their effectiveness in enhancing safety, health, and productivity outcomes. The integration of immersive technologies, such as augmented reality and virtual reality, into training programs shows significant promise by fostering knowledge retention, increasing engagement, and enabling experiential learning. Furthermore, wearable sensors offer complementary capabilities by capturing real-time motion data and monitoring environmental conditions, thereby enabling proactive safety measures and improved hazard prevention strategies. The study emphasizes the need for adaptive, ergonomically informed training practices that integrate immersive technologies and real-time feedback to build a safer, more resilient workforce.